Page 0. Index.

Help for CALC is organised in pages as follows

    Index                           Page 0.
    General information             Page 1.
    The command line                Page 2.
    Input                           Page 3.
    Output                          Page 4.
    Unary functions                 Page 5.
    Binary functions                Page 6.
    Special functions               Page 7.
    Memory and statistics functions Page 8.
    Errors                          Page 9.
    Function summary                Page 10.
    Information about CALC          Page 11.

Page 1. General Information.

Calculations are entered at the prompt in standard notation, and terminated
with RETURN. For information on input see page 3.

Alternatively a single calculation may be entered on the command line, which
is executed immediately. For further information on command-line calculations
see page 2.

The calculator has ten memories numbered 0 to 9, each of which may be used for
statistical calculations as well as straight storage. Memory 0 has a special
function, in that it contains the result of the previous calculation. For
further information on memorys see page 8.

Functions such as logarithms and trig. functions are selected with a single
letter, which expands to a full function name on the screen. Several functions
also have related functions, for example SINE and ARCSINE which are selected
by pressing either the ALT or the SHIFT key together with the letter for the
function.

Memory and miscellaneous functions are provided by the function keys F1 to
F10, and constants e and ã are also available, see page 7 and 8.

Page 2. The command line.

CALC accepts several optional parameters as follows

	 /m      limits the number of stored input lines. By default it will
             store input lines until the computer memory is full, see page 3.
	 /p      sets the output precision, 1 to 16 places. The default is 12.
     /b      sets batch mode. This is explained below.

It is also possible to put a single calculation on the command line. In this
case the calculation will be executed and the program will terminate. Note
that when this mode is used the alternative functions must be selected with
SHIFT and not ALT. However, the program takes the CAPS LOCK state of the
keyboard into account, so SHIFT will always select the alternative form. If
this causes problems, for instance in batch files, the /b parameter turns it
off so that lowercase always gives the normal functions and uppercase the
alternatives.

Page 3. Input.

Up to 255 items may be entered on a line, an item being either a single digit
or a function. Functions are selected with a single letter, alternative
functions with either SHIFT or ALT and a single letter, see pages 5 to 8. Note
that SHIFT will always select the alternative function even if CAPS LOCK is on.

Syntax is checked on the fly, illegal input causing a bleep. Parentheses may
be nested to any depth, limited only by the line length.

Items may be deleted with BACKSPACE or CURSOR LEFT. If CURSOR LEFT is used
each deleted item is retained, and it can be recovered by pressing CURSOR
RIGHT. If it is not allowed in the new position a bleep will sound, and a
further CURSOR RIGHT will recover the next item, and so on.

Each time a new line is entered it is stored, so that previously entered line
can be recalled using the CURSOR UP and CURSOR DOWN keys. Recalled lines can
then be edited and re-entered. CALC will normally store as many lines as will
fit into the computer's memory. This may be limited by using the /m parameter
on the CALC command line, see page 2.

A line may be completely deleted with ESCAPE. It may also be redisplayed at
any time by pressing the space bar.

Page 4. Output.

The result is normally output to 12 places using exponential notation if
necessary. The precision may be set to any value up to 16 by using the /p
parameter on the CALC command line, See page 2.

Note that the output result is automatically stored in memory 0. See page 9
for details of memory function.

Page 5. Unary functions.

Unary functions take only one operand. The operator always precedes the
operand, in particular 2 factorial is written !2. Note that plus and minus may
be unary and binary. Also, all the unary functions except plus and minus use
an implicit multiply, for example 2 SINE x is interpreted as 2 * SINE x.

Unary functions have no precedence, they are simply executed in order
unless the order is changed by using parentheses. The following unary
functions are provided by CALC:

    +    unary plus.              -    unary minus.
    !    factorial.
    A    absolute.
    I    take the integer part.   ALT or SHIFT I    take the fractional part.
    R    square root.
    L    log base 10.             ALT or SHIFT L    natural log.
    S    sine.                    ALT or SHIFT S    arcsine.
    C    cosine.                  ALT or SHIFT C    arccosine.
    T    tangent.                 ALT or SHIFT T    arctangent.
    M    mean.
    D    standard deviation (n).  ALT or SHIFT D    standard deviation (n-1).
    F4   memory fetch (see page 8).

Page 6. Binary functions.

Binary functions are functions with two operands. The operator is placed
between the operands. Binary functions are executed in order of precedence,
for example, in the calculation 2 + 3 * 5, the multiplication has higher
precedence, and is therefore calculated first, giving the result 17. The
order may be altered using parentheses, so that (2 + 3) * 5 gives the result
25.

The following binary functions, in descending order of precedence, are provided
by CALC:
    %   percent.                        ^   raise to the power.
    *   multiply.                       /   divide.
    +   add.                            -   subtract.
    F5  memory store.                  F6   memory accumulate.

For further details of memory functions see page 8.

Page 7. Special functions.

A number of special functions can be selected with the other function keys.
These special functions may only be pressed at the prompt, and not in the
middle of a calculation. No RETURN is required, the function is executed
immediately. These functions are:

    F1  help.
    F3  clear all memories.       F10         quit.
                                  F11 or F12  quit (extended keyboard only).

Two numeric constants are also available. These are:

    E   constant value e.         P           constant value ã.

Page 8. Memory and statistics functions.

Ten memories are provided, each of which operates in one of two modes,
either as a simple store, or as an accumulator for statistical calculations.
In the case of a store mode, a value may be stored into a memory with F5, and
retrieved with F4. Memory 0 always holds the result of the last calculation.

For statistical calculations, accumulator mode allows values to be accumulated
into a memory, which stores the sum of the values, the sum of the squares,
and the number of values. These are then used to calculate the mean and
standard deviation of the accumulated values.

When accumulating values the memory fetch function F4 will return the current
sum of values. Note that after accumulating a set of values into a memory, and
before starting a new set, the accumulator mode must be cleared by doing a
straight store of any value with F5.

The memory and statistic operations use the function keys as follows:
    F3   clear all memories.      F4   memory fetch.
    F5   memory store.            F6   memory accumulate.
    M    mean.
    D    standard deviation (n).  ALT or SHIFT D   standard deviation (n-1).

Page 9. Errors.

Errors are trapped on two levels.

Firstly, during input, the syntax is checked, and, if an invalid character
is pressed, the computer simply bleeps.

Secondly, during the calculation, after RETURN has been pressed, various
execution errors may occur. The possible errors are:

    input value out of range.  an illegal value for the operator was input,
                               for example the square root of -1.

    result out of range.       the result of the calculation was too big
                               for the allowed range.

    divide by zero.            the calculation involved an attempt to
                               divide by zero.

    invalid operation.         a statistical operation has been attempted on
                               a memory with no accumulated values, ie. not
                               in accumulator mode.

Page 10.    Function summary.

    +    unary plus or add.       -                 unary minus or subtract.
    *    multiply.                /                 divide.
    %    percent.                 ^                 raise to the power.
    !    factorial.
    A    absolute.
    I    integer.                 ALT or SHIFT I    fraction.
    R    square root.
    L    log base 10.             ALT or SHIFT L    natural log.
    S    sine.                    ALT or SHIFT S    arcsine.
    C    cosine.                  ALT or SHIFT C    arccosine.
    T    tangent.                 ALT or SHIFT T    arctangent.
    M    mean.
    D    standard deviation (n).  ALT or SHIFT D    standard deviation (n-1).
    E    constant value e.        P                 constant value ã.
    F1   help.
    F3   clear all memories.      F4                memory fetch.
    F5   memory store.            F6                memory accumulate.
    F7   degrees.                 F8                radians.
                                  F10               quit.
                                  F11 or F12        quit (extended keyboard).

Page 11.    Information about CALC.



                               CALC

                         was developed by

							KNOWARE Ltd.
                         28, Old Mill Lane
                           Macclesfield
                             Cheshire
                             SK11 7PA
                           (0625) 619100.


                       All rights reserved.


                 (C) Copyright Knoware Ltd 1992

